The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (129 page)

153.
Ulam,
Expansion and Coexistence
, p. 693; O. E. Clubb,
China and Russia: The “Great Game”
(New York, 1971), passim, gives more details, as does J. Camil-Ieri,
Chinese Foreign Policy: The Maoist Era and Its Aftermath
(Seattle, Wash., 1980).

154.
Keylor,
Twentieth-Century World
, p. 398.

155.
H. Kissinger,
The White House Years
(Boston, 1979), pp. 172ff; and the important analysis in D. L. Strode, “Arms Control and Sino-Soviet Relations,”
Orbis
, vol. 28, no. 1 (Spring 1984), pp. 163–88.

156.
Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, p. 210, fn.

157.
W. E. Griffith (ed.),
Communism in Europe: Continuity, Change and the Sino-Soviet Dispute, 2
vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1964–66); J. G. Whelan,
World Communism, 1967–1969: Soviet Attempts to Reestablish Control
(Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service, Washington, D.C., 1970); Z. Brzezinski,
The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict
(Cambridge, Mass., 1967 edn.).

158.
See the nice, brief survey by C. Bell, “China and the International Order,” in Bull and Watson (ed.),
Expansion of International Society, ch
. 17; more detailed in M. B. Yahuda,
China’s Role in World Affairs
(New York, 1978).

159.
Cited in W. L. Kohl,
French Nuclear Diplomacy
(Princeton, N.J., 1971), p. 103. See also W. Mendl,
Deterrence and Persuasion: French Nuclear Armament in the Context of National Policy, 1945–1969
(London, 1970); M. M. Harrison,
Reluctant Ally: France and Atlantic Security
(Baltimore, Md., 1981); and espec. E. Kolodziej,
French International Policy Under de Gaulle and Pompidou: The Politics of Grandeur
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1974).

160.
Kolodziej,
French International Policy
, passim; A. Grosser,
The Western Alliance: European-American Relations since 1945
(London, 1980), pp. 183ff, 209ff.

161.
See below, pp. 427–28.

162.
There is a succinct survey of de Gaulle’s policies in De Porte,
Europe Between the Superpowers
, pp. 229ff; and Keylor,
Twentieth-Century World
, pp. 346ff.

163.
Bairoch, “International Industrialization Levels,” p. 304.

164.
Keylor,
Twentieth-Century World
, pp. 354ff, 408ff; A. Bronke and D. Novak (eds.),
The Communist States in the Era of Detente, 1971–1977
(Oakville, Ont., 1979); R. L. Tokes,
Euro-Communism and Detente
(New York, 1978); G. B. Ginsburgs and A. Z. Rubinstein (eds.),
Soviet Foreign Policy Towards Western Europe
(New York, 1978); L. L. Whetten,
Germany’s Ostpolitik
(London, 1971); and W. E. Griffith,
The Ostpolitik of the Federal Republic of Germany
(Cambridge, Mass., 1978), cover the German aspects.

165.
H. Salisbury,
The Coming War Between Russia and China
(London, 1969), passim.

166.
Some of these concerns are discussed in E. Morton and G. Segal (eds.),
Soviet Strategy Toward Western Europe
(London, 1984).

167.
Bartlett,
Global Conflict
, p. 355. See also G. Segal,
The Great Power Triangle
(London, 1982); R. Sutter,
China Watch: Toward Sino-American Reconciliation
(Baltimore, Md., 1978), passim; and the essays in R. H. Solomon (ed.),
The China Factor: Sino-American Relations and the Global Scene
(New York, 1981), and G. Segal (ed.),
The China Factor: Peking and the Superpowers
(London, 1982), espec. B. Garrett, “The United States and the Great Power Triangle,” pp. 76–104.

168.
Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, pp. 249–50, 259.

169.
A. Kendrick,
The Wound Within: America in the Vietnam Years, 1945–1974
(Boston, 1974); T. Powers,
The War at Home: Vietnam and the American People, 1964–1968
(New York, 1973); F. Fitzgerald,
Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam
(Boston, 1972); W. O’Neill,
Coming Apart
(New York, 1971); R. J. Lifton,
Home from the War: Vietnam Veterans
(New York, 1973); L. Baskir and P. Strauss,
Chance and Circumstance: The War, The Draft, and the Vietnam Generation
(New York, 1978); and G. Kolko,
Vietnam: Anatomy of a War, 1940–1975
(New York, 1986), are among some of the welter of good books on these themes.

170.
Again, the literature on the American strategy and conduct of the war is already overwhelming. Millett and Maslowski,
For the Common Defense, ch
. 17, is a good summary. H. G. Summers,
On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War
(New York, 1972) examines the war through Clausewitzian spectacles. B. Palmer,
The 25-Year War: Americas Military Role in Vietnam
(New York, 1984), espec. pt. 2, “Assessment”; S. Karnow,
Vietnam: A History
(New York, 1984); G. C. Herring,
America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975
(New York, 1979), are all important.

171.
Figures from Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, p. 359; see also Millett and Maslowski,
For the Common Defense
, pp. 565ff.

172.
See again Ungar (ed.),
Estrangement: America and the World
, passim; but especially G. Hodgson, “Disorder Within, Disorder Without.”

173.
This may be seen,
inter alia
, in the titles of many American studies on the international system and the United States’ place in it. Apart from Ungar (ed.),
Estrangement
, see also K. A. Oye et al. (eds.),
Eagle Entangled: U.S. Foreign Policy in a Complex World
(New York, 1979); R. D. Keohane,
After Hegemony
(Princeton, N.J., 1974); J. Kwitny,
Endless Enemies
(New York, 1984); and the important earlier work S. Hoffman,
Gullivers Troubles
(New York, 1968).

174.
Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, p. 275. And see again the references in note 167 above, and the very useful survey in Garthoff,
Détente and Confrontation
, pp. 24ff.

175.
Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, p. 179. See also Kissinger’s own
White House Years;
and H. Starr,
Henry Kissinger: Perceptions of International Politics
(Lexington, Ky., 1982), passim. Dallek,
American Style of Foreign Policy, ch
. 9, is much more critical.

176.
Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, pp. 284, 297.

177.
Compare Kennan,
Decline of Bismarck’s European Order
, with Kissinger, “The White Revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck,”
Daedelus
, vol. 97 (Summer 1968), pp. 888–924.

178.
Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, pp. 280–82; and, in more detail, two fine studies: C. Bell,
The Diplomacy of Détente: The Kissinger Era
(New York, 1977); and R. S. Litwak,
Détente and the Nixon Doctrine: American Foreign Policy and the Pursuit of Stability, 1969–1975
(Cambridge, 1984).

179.
Apart from the (often contradictory) memoirs of Carter, his secretary of state, Vance, and his national security adviser, Brzezinski, see the coverage in Garthoff,
Détente and Confrontation
, pp. 563ff; and, much more briefly, Ambrose,
Rise to Globalism, ch
. 15; Schulzinger,
American Diplomacy
, pp. 316ff; and John Gaddis’s final thoughts in the “Epilogue” to
Strategies of Containment
. Above all, see G. Smith,
Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years
(New York, 1986), passim, but espec. pp. 241ff.

180.
B. Rubin,
Paved with Good Intentions: The United States and Iran
(New York, 1980), passim; G. Sick,
All Fall Down: America’s Tragic Encounter with Iran
(New York, 1985); and Smith,
Morality, Reason and Power, ch
. 9, are best here.

181.
Garthoff,
Détente and Confrontation
, chs. 26–27, is best here.

182.
See,
inter alia
, J. S. Gansler,
The Defense Industry
(Cambridge, Mass., 1980), passim; J. Fallows,
National Defense
(New York, 1981), especially ch. 3; R. W. DeGrasse,
Military Expansion, Economic Decline
(Armonk, N.Y., 1983); J. Coates and M. Kilian,
Heavy Losses
(New York, 1985 edn.), passim.

183.
See the biting comments in Schulzinger,
American Diplomacy
, pp. 339ff; S. Talbott,
Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control
(New York, 1984), with revealing details; Haig’s own
memoir,
Caveat
(New York, 1984); E. Luttwak,
The Pentagon and the Art of War
(New York, 1985).

184.
Ulam,
Dangerous Relations: The Soviet Union in World Politics 1970–1982
(New York, 1983), p. 39.

185.
D. Holloway,
The Soviet Union and the Arms Race
(New Haven, 1984, 2nd ed.), pp. 134ff; and the more technical analysis is A. Bergson, “Technological Progress,” in Bergson and H. S. Levine (eds.),
The Soviet Economy: Toward the Years 2000
(London, 1983), pp. 34–78.

186.
Garthoff,
Détente and Confrontation
, pp. 887ff, is excellent here. See also H. S. Bradsher,
Afghanistan and the Soviet Union
(Durham, N.C., 1983), passim; and T. T. Hammond,
Red Flag over Afghanistan
(Boulder, Colo., 1984), passim.

187.
Garthoff,
Détente and Confrontation
, pp. 982ff. See also the works cited in note 167 above, as well as B. Garrett, “China Policy and the Constraints of Triangular Logic,” in K. A. Oye et al. (eds.),
Eagle Defiant: United States Foreign Policy in the 1980s
(Boston, 1983), espec. pp. 245ff.

188.
Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, p. 280 (my emphasis).

189.
This is most critically the case, of course, in respect to
Russian
data: see F. D. Holzmann, “Soviet Military Spending: Assessing the Numbers Game,”
International Security
, vol. 6, no. 4 (Spring 1982), pp. 78–101, which is a good introduction to this subject.

190.
Bairoch, “International Industrialization Levels,” p. 276.

191.
Rostow,
World Economy
, p. 662. (The chief difference is that Rostow uses a 1913 = 100 baseline, whereas Bairoch has chosen 1900.)

192.
Bairoch, “International Industrialization Levels,” p. 273.

193.
Ibid., p. 276.

194.
From Rostow,
World Economy
, p. 669.

195.
Ashworth,
Short History of the International Economy
, pp. 287–88.

196.
Ibid., p. 289; and the more detailed discussion in Bairoch,
The Economic Development of the Third World Since 1900
(Berkeley, Calif., 1975), passim.

197.
Foreman-Peck,
History of the World Economy
, p. 376.

198.
Bairoch, “International Industrialization Levels,” p. 304.

199.
See the table in Oye et al. (eds.),
Eagle Defiant
, p. 8.

200.
G. Blackburn,
The West and the World Since 1945
(New York, 1985), p. 96; and Bairoch,
Economic Development
, passim, with a good bibliography on pp. 250–52.

201.
R. Rosecrance,
The Rise of the Trading State
(New York, 1985), espec. ch. 7; and M. Smith et al.,
Asia’s New Industrial World
(New York, 1985).

202.
See Schaller,
American Occupation of Japan
, p. 289.

203.
Of which perhaps the most important study has been E. F. Vogel,
Japan as Number One: Lessons for America
(New York, 1980 edn.).