What Stalin Knew (63 page)

15. O. F. Suvenirov,
Tragedia RKKA, 1937–1938
(Moscow, 1998), 376.

16. F. Ia. Tutushkin, Assistant Chief of the Third Directorate, NKO, to State Defense

Committee, Attention: Comrade Stalin, July 8, 1941.

17. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 2, 467.

18. Kryshevsky,
Skrytaia Pravda Voiny,
132–33, 265–67.

19. Harrison E. Salisbury,
The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad
(New York, 1969),

116–17; Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 2, 441. See also http://wwii-soldat.narod.ru/merets.htm

(accessed May 11, 2003).

20. ‘‘Pismo iz Lefortovo,’’
Trud,
December 14, 2001.

21. Suvenirov,
Tragedia RKKA,
381, 460.

22. A. I. Gribkov, ed.,
Istoria Ordena Lenina Leningradskogo Voennogo Okruga
(Mos-

cow, 1974), 189–90; Yu. Nevakivi, ‘‘Finliandia i Plan ‘Barbarossa,’ ’
Voina i Politika 1939–

1941,
ed. A. O. Chubarian and G. Gorodetsky (Moscow, 2000), 454.

23. A. Ostrovsky, ‘‘Sov. Sekretno. Osobo Interesno,’’
Sovietsky Voin,
September

1990, 70.

24. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 2, 428–30.

25. AP RF, f. 3, op. 24, d. 377, 116–36; d. 420, 1–68. Cited in the ‘‘Stalinskie Spiski’’

(Stalin lists) of the Russian Society Memorial.

26. Suvenirov,
Tragedia RKKA,
200–11;
Izvestia TsK KPSS,
no. 3, 1989, 140; cited in

Suvenirov, 200.

27. S. V. Stepashin, ed.,
Organy Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti SSSR v Velikoy Ote-

chestvennoy Voine
(Moscow, 1995), book 1, 3–8.

28. Ibid., 9.

29.
Izvestia TsK KPSS,
no. 3, 1989, 145; cited in Suvenirov,
Tragedia RKKA,
214.

NOTES TO PAGES ≤≤∫ – ≥∑

297

30. TsA MO, f. 32, op. 701 323, d. 38, 14–16; cited in Dmitri Volkogonov,
Stalin:

Triumph and Tragedy
(Rocklin, 1996), 339.

31. ‘ Vykhod Iz Labirinta: Yevgeny A. Gnedin i O Nem,’’ http://www.memo.ru/history/

diss/books/gnedin/memorial (accessed July 5, 2004). Gnedin was the son of Lenin’s con-

temporary Aleksandr Lazarevich Helphand (Parvus). He was sentenced to ten years in the

GULAG, served from 1941 to 1949, then spent until 1955 in exile in central Kazakhstan,

after which he was rehabilitated. Until his death in 1983, he was an active human rights

dissident. See also AP RF, f. 3, op. 23, d. 421.

32. ‘‘Kratkie Biografii i Posluzhnye Spiski Rukovodyashchikh Rabotnikov NKVD,’’

http://www.memo.ru/nkvd/kto/biogr/gb79.htm (accessed November 11, 2003). Vlodzimir-

sky ended his service as head of the Investigative Unit for Especially Important Cases of the

MVD (the former NKVD). He was arrested on July 17, 1953, and shot on December 23 of

that year.

33. Http://ibooks.h1.ru/books/Antonov/001/010.html (accessed February 24, 2004).

34. Http://lib.bigmir.net/read.php?e=6375 (accessed November 11, 2003).

35. Igor Bunich,
Groza: Piatisotletniaia Voina v Rossii
(Moscow, 1997), 541–42. For a

vivid description of the Sukhanovka prison, see Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,
The Gulag Archi-

pelago
(London, 1974), 181–84.

36. Yu. B. Rubtsov,
Marshaly Stalina
(Rostov-Na-Donu, 2000), 301.

37. Ibid. My description of investigative techniques does not do justice to the full

repertoire available to the interrogators. For this, see Solzhenitsyn’s
Gulag Archipelago,

which describes thirty-one different methods of torture, from the psychological to the

physical, used by NKVD interrogators (103–17)

38. Aleksandr N. Yakovlev et al., eds.,
Reabilitatsia: Kak Ehto Bylo. Dokumenty Pre-

sidiuma KPSS i Drugiie Materialy
(Moscow, 2000), 164–66.

39. Http://www.samara.ru/paper/41/3713/61137/. After her father’s arrest, Smushke-

vich’s daughter, Rosa, wrote to Stalin asking for his help. Stalin sent her letter to Beria, who

saw her in his Liubianka office. There he told her not to worry: ‘ You know your father’s not

guilty.’’ Three days later Beria ordered the arrest of the fourteen-year-old as ‘‘the daughter of

an enemy of the people.’’ She and her mother were exiled to Kazakhstan where they spent

the next thirteen years.

40. Rubtsov,
Marshaly Stalina,
301.

41. Aleksandr Bondarenko, ‘ Aviatsiya Prodolzhaet Otstavat’,’’
Krasnaia Zvezda,
Feb-

ruary 19, 2002.

Chapter ≤≤: The Final Reckoning

1. Paul Carell,
Hitler’s War on Russia: The Story of the German Defeat in the East

(London, 1964), 102; http://www.facts.kiev.ua/April2002/1604/05.htm.

2. Alan Bullock,
Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives
(New York, 1993), 687. Stalin’s

‘‘scorched earth’’ policy, announced by him in a radio address on July 3, 1941, called on the

inhabitants of areas occupied by the Germans to remove or destroy anything that could be

of use to the occupiers, such as railroad rolling stock, stores of grain or petroleum products,

cattle, etc.

3. John Keegan,
The Second World War
(New York, 1989), 196; John Erickson,
The

Road to Stalingrad: Stalin’s War with Germany
(New Haven, 1999), 207–10.

4. A. Ostrovsky, ‘‘Sov. Sekretno. Osobo Interesno,’’
Sovietsky Voin,
September 1990, 71.

5. P. N. Kryshevsky, ed.,
Skrytaia Pravda Voiny: 1941 God
(Moscow, 1992), 168–73.

298

NOTES TO PAGES ≤≥∑ – ∂∂

6. Ibid.

7. A. Kopeikin, ‘‘Salud, Piloto Russo,’’
Aviatsia i Kosmonavtika,
no. 12, 1989, 31.

8. Erickson,
Road to Stalingrad,
220–22.

9. Ostrovsky, ‘‘Sov. Sekretno,’’ 71. See also Arkady Vaksberg,
Neraskrytye Tainy
(Mos-

cow, 1993), 61.

10. Vaksberg,
Neraskrytye Tainy,
61. See also A. A. Pechenkin, ‘‘Cherny Den Krasnoy

Army,’’
Novoe Voennoe Obozrenie,
February 21, 2003, and http://memo.ru/intro1.htm (ac-

cessed September 16, 2003).

11. Vaksberg,
Neraskrytye Tainy,
63.

12. Sergei Kononov, ‘‘Kto rasstrelival v NKVD,’’ http://www.agentura.ru/dossier/

russia/people/kononov/rasstrel/print (accessed February 24, 2004).

13. Vaksberg,
Neraskrytye Tainy,
65; http://litcatalog.al.ru/slovar/k.html (accessed

May 12, 2004). As of this writing, neither the RF Ministry of Defense nor the FSB has made

available an official list of all those who were shot without trial on October 28, 1941.

Vaksberg’s list has been checked against the attachment ‘‘Martirolog RKKA, 1936–1941’’ to

O. F. Suvenirov’s
Tragedia RKKA
and is believed to be the most accurate available.

14. Http://www.facts.kiev.ua/April2002/1604/05.htm. See also http://ng.netroad.ru/

archive226/news10.htm (accessed March 2, 2004). There are no archival references to

support the claim that Rodos made this telephone call.

15. Statement by Galina Ivanovna Proskurov, RGVA, f. 37976, op. 1, d. 523, 159;

telephone interviews with Lidia Ivanovna, October 2002, February 2003. See also Viktor

Bochkarev,
60 Let v GRU
(Moscow, 2003), 32–34.

16. Pechenkin, ‘‘Cherny.’’ The names of all those who were tried on February 13, 1941,

and executed on February 23 are contained in Memorial’s Stalin lists.

17. David Holloway,
Stalin and the Bomb
(New Haven, 1994), 105, 107, 116.

18. Interview with Sergei A. Kondrashev, August 11, 2003.

19. ‘‘Znai Nashhikh-Tsentralny Evreisky Resurs,’’ http://www.sem40.ru/cgi=bin/fam

mopus.pl?action=print&id=792&mode=mat (accessed November 3, 2003). Fitin rented a

room near the Palashevsky market and had to unload his own coal for heating.

20. A. Kolpakidi and D. Prokhorov,
Imperia GRU
(Moscow, 1999), book 1, 112–13.

The assignment may have had to do with the Soviet discovery that the best source of

badly needed uranium for Stalin’s bomb was in the Soviet zone of Germany, but that is

conjecture.

21. Ibid. See also T. V. Samolis, ed.,
Veterany Vneshnei Razedki (Kratky Biografichesky

Spavochnik)
(Moscow, 1995), 153–55.

22. Gabriel Gorodetsky, ‘‘Filipp Ivanovich Golikov,’’
Stalin’s Generals,
ed. Harold

Shukman (New York, 1993), 77–88.

23. Ibid., 118–19, 84–86. See also the excerpts from Khrushchev’s memoirs in
Voprosy

Istory,
no. 12, 1990, 84–92.

24. VENONA, Moscow to London, nos. 1630, 1618, January 1, 1947 (‘‘Golikov Com-

ments on Anglo-Soviet Repatriation Discussions and Gives Guidance to Soviet Officials in

Germany’’). As one who observed Soviet repatriation officers at work in Germany in the

summer of 1945, I agree that it was indeed difficult to persuade Soviet displaced persons to

return once their minds were made up to stay in the West.

25. William J. Spahr,
Stalin’s Lieutenants: A Study of Command under Duress
(Novato,

1997), 200–02.

26. Ibid., 259.

27. Gorodetsky, ‘‘Golikov,’’ 87.

28. Interview with Lidia Ivanovna, Moscow, May 11, 2004.

NOTES TO PAGES ≤∂∏ – ∑∑

299

Conclusion

1. For the best picture of Soviet espionage in Great Britain in this period, see Nigel

West and Oleg Tsarev,
The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives

(New Haven, 1999). In
Stalin i Razvedka
(Moscow, 2004), Igor A. Damaskin presents vari-

ous reports from American, British, German, French, Polish, and Japanese sources on the

anti-Soviet machinations of various European states in the same time frame. For example,

Stalin was shown a report in February 1937 claiming that France and England would

pressure the Soviet Union to agree to a liberal-conservative coalition in Spain as a means of

ending the civil war lest it spread to other states in Europe. Otherwise, they would seek an

agreement with Germany and Italy (171–72).

2. Konstantin Umansky, the Soviet ambassador to the United States, outdid himself

in this regard when, after a meeting with Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles in late

May 1941, he told the press: ‘‘Information presented to the Soviet Union in London and

Washington is directed toward the goal of provoking a conflict between Germany and the

USSR’’ (Damaskin 262–63).

3. Viktor Anfilov,
Doroga k Tragedii Sorok Pervogo Goda
(Moscow, 1997), 193.

4. Ibid., 190. See also Konstantin M. Simonov, ‘‘Zametki K. M. Simonov k Biografii

G. K. Zhukov,’’
Voenno-Istorichesky Zhurnal,
no. 9, 1987, 54.

5. Martin Amis,
Koba the Dread
(London, 2002), and Miklos Kun,
Stalin: An Un-

known Portrait
(Budapest, 2003).

Appendix ∞: Organization and Functions of Soviet Military Intelligence

1. At this time Soviet missions abroad were called ‘‘political representations’’ (
pol-

predstva
) rather than ‘‘embassies’’ to distinguish them from the diplomatic missions of

capitalist nations.

2. Robert Whymant,
Stalin’s Spy: Richard Sorge and the Tokyo Espionage Ring
(New

York, 1998), 105–06.

3. See Aleksandr N. Yakovlev, ed.,
1941 god
(Moscow, 1998), book 1, 219. See also no.

227.

4. Mikhail I. Meltiukhov, ‘‘Sovietskaia Razvedka i Problema Vnezapnogo Napa-

denia,’’
Otechestvennaia Istoria,
no. 3, 1998, 3–20.

5. V. P. Pavlov, ‘‘Moskve Krichali o Voice,’’
Voenno-Istorichesky Zhurnal,
no. 6, 1994,

21–26.

6. V. Novobranets, ‘‘Nakanune Voiny,’’
Znamia,
no. 6, 1990, 165–92.

7. Yakovlev,
1941 god,
book 1, 42–43.

8. S. L. Savin, ed.,
Armia i Politika
(Kaluga, 2002), book 5, 521–22.

9. Vladimir Lota, ‘‘Sekretny Front Generalnogo Shtaba’’
Krasnaia Zvezda,
November

2, 2002, 1, 4, 5.

Index

Aaland Islands, 48, 278n4

Baltic States, 19–20, 38–41, 146, 148, 223,

Abakumov, Viktor S., 41

254

Abwehr: and Ukrainian nationalists, 33–35;

Baranovich, 36

and Belorussian saboteurs, 36–37; and

Barbarossa, 146, 157, 176, 210

Lithuanian underground, 40; and NKGB

Barysh, 237–38

counterintelligence operations, 115; and

Bashtakov, L. F., 236–37

border troops arrests, 124; recruitment of

Bazhanov, Ivan G., 64

agents from local populations, 127; fuel

Beck, Josef, 16

sample collection by, 130, 248

Belgium, 160

Advokat, 105

Belgrade, 77–78

Agaiants, Aleksandr I., 97–98, 208

Belorussia, 24, 31, 35–37

Ageichik, Yakov O., 136

Belorussian Special Military District, 30,

Akhmedov, Izmail, 152–53, 281n24

43

Albacete, 9

Belorussian SSR.
See
Belorussia

Albanets, 98

Belov, B. P., 202–03

Alekseyev, Pavel A., 201–02

Belvedere, 82

Alksnis, Yakov I., 199–200

Benenson, M. L., 118–19, 120–21

Allakhverdov, Mikhail A., 95–96, 207

Berezhkov, Valentin, 179

Almeria, 10

Beria, Lavrenty P.: and NKVD occupation

Alonso, King of Spain, 3

of western Ukraine and Belorussia, 31–