What Stalin Knew (66 page)

of new fortified areas, 45; predicts strong

Romania, 2, 23, 38, 59, 72, 74, 254

Finnish resistance, 50; complains of

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 146, 241, 246

inadequate intelligence, 55–56; directed

Rosenberg, Alfred, 75–76, 101

to check on status Western Front, 220;

Rosso, Augusto, 111–13

named consultant to Stavka, 224

Rowehl, 168–69

Shaptalov, Boris, 181, 291n.29

Rozov, David A., 237, 260

Sharov, Mikhail S., 71–72, 76

Rozova, Zinaida P., 238, 260

Shcherbakov, A. S., 236

Rundstedt, Gerd von, 65, 78, 157

Shevchenko, Georgy M., 198, 200

Rybkin, Boris, 47–49, 104

Shevtsov, Major, 67

Rybkina, Zoia I., 47, 96

Shibanov, 118

Rybnikar, Vladislav, 77, 280n.14

Shikin Iosif V., 243

Rychagov, Pavel V.: December
1940
speech

Shirai, Hasaya, 90

by on aviation in war, 163; view of that

Shkvartsev, A. A., 290n.2

fear of crashes inhibits training, 193;

Shtern, Grigory M.: as commander Eighth

‘‘fly in coffins’’ remark of, 194; fired,

Army, Winter War, 54; disliked by Stalin,

replaced by deputy, 195; arrested, 225;

191; appointed chief, PVO, 200; biogra-

biography of, 225, 293n.8; beaten in

phy of, 200; arrested June
7, 1941,
200;

interrogation, 230; shot October
28,

tortured, repudiates confession, 229;

1941,
259.
See also
Nesterenko, Maria

executed, 259

Petrovna

Shvartsman, Lev A., 229, 231, 236

Shved, 98

Sadovsky, Viktor D., 239

Simonov, 185, 187, 189

Sakrier, Ivan F., 198, 259

Sinegubov, N. I., 121

Samara.
See
Kuibyshev (now Samara)

Sinitsyn, Ilisey T., 104–05

Samokhin, Aleksandr G., 77–78

Skliarov, Ivan A., 67

Savchenko, Aleksandra A., 238, 260

Sklizkov, Stepan O., 260

Savchenko, Georgy K., 259

Skorniakov, Nikolai, 60, 64–65, 150

Savchenko, Yakov, 81

Slovak, 79–80

Scheliha, Rudolph von (Ariets), 64–65, 157,

Smirnov, Ivan V., 66

308

INDEX

Smolensk, 232

detailed border troops’ evidence of Ger-

Smorodinov, I. V., 54, 59, 128, 175

man plans, 124–36; dismisses Proskurov

Smushkevich, Rosa, 230, 239, 297n.39

as chief RU, 137–39; realizes he cannot

Smushkevich, Yakov V.: supports Pros-

control Proskurov, 141; American and

kurov, 193; testifies against others under

British warnings rejected by, 145–49;

torture, 198–99; shot without trial, Octo-

Dekanozov warnings to result in Beria

ber
28, 1941,
259; background of, 293n.7

request for his recall from Berlin, 149;

Sobornov, Mikhail N., 260

errs in belief that main German attack

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 189, 297n.35

would be against Ukraine, 155, 176;

Sonchen, 103–04

rejects concept of preemptive attack,

Sorge, Richard: biography of, 84–85;

160, 211; passive acceptance by of Luft-

obtains Lyushkov debriefings, 85; report-

waffe aerial reconnaissance, 162; orders

ing of on German war preparations, 85,

troops not to fire on German aircraft,

86–87; accused by Stalin, 87; objects to

165–66; desperate for official negotia-

budget cuts, 88; reports Japan no longer

tions, 177; insists on seeing all agent

interested in attacking Soviet Far East,

intelligence reports, 179; supports

89; arrested, executed, 90

Amaiak Kobulov’s Berlin assignment,

Sorokin, 229

181; prefers reports from double agent

Spanish Civil War, xxiv, 3, 4, 9, 10

Litseist, 183; tells Zhukov of correspon-

Stalin, Josef V.: becomes chairman, Coun-

dence with Hitler, 185–86; and unautho-

cil of People’s Commissars, xv–xvi;

rized JU-
52
flight to Moscow and return

obscene reaction of to Starshina report,

to Germany, 190–91; blamed by Tim-

xvi; sources of power of, xvi; responsibil-

oshenko and Zhukov for canceling defen-

ity for purges of, xvi–xvii; distrust of

sive actions of district commanders, 212;

England and France of, xvii–xviii; rejec-

delays camouflage orders until June
19,

tion of intelligence by, xix; and purges, 1–

1941,
212; fear of provoking Hitler evi-

2, 249–50; reasons of for Nazi-Soviet

dent in first directive to troops by, 214–

pact, 6; forbids attacks on German ships,

15; orders Pavlov arrest, execution as

10; on merits of new bomber, 11; and

‘‘defeatist commander,’’ 222; and Mer-

purge of military intelligence, 11; reac-

etskov arrest and letter, 224–25; distrust

tion of to report on Hitler’s long-term

of Spanish Civil War veterans of, 225;

plans, 15–19; awareness of Hitler’s inter-

responsibility of for torture and sum-

est in pact with USSR of, 19–20; view of

mary executions, 226–28; proscription of

Anglo-French military talks of, 20; dis-

retreat by causes huge losses in Kiev bat-

cusses Nazi-Soviet pact with Politburo,

tle, 233; approves Beria recommenda-

Comintern executive committee, 24–26;

tions for execution other Spanish Civil

discussion of pact with Dimitrov, Molo-

War veterans in February
1942,
239;

tov, and Zhdanov, 27; apparent indif-

modus operandi of, 250–51

ference of to problems in absorbing new

Starik, 98

territories, 29; surprised by speed of Ger-

Starshina (Harro Schulze-Boysen): as

man advance in Poland, 29–30; sends in

friend of Arvid Harnack, recruited by

Red Army, 30; rejects German claims on

Aleksandr M. Korotkov, 98; reporting of

Lithuania, claims all Baltic states in

on German preparations for an invasion,

Soviet sphere of influence, 38–39; initi-

98–101; reporting of discussed with

ates secret negotiations with Finns, 47–

Dekanozov, 150–51; on Luftwaffe over-

49; insists Finnish operation be con-

flights, 168–73; location of timing of

ducted solely by Leningrad Military Dis-

invasion by, 176–77; Fitin reaction to,

trict, 50; creates puppet Finnish Demo-

206–09

cratic Republic, 51, 53; seeks in

Steinhardt, Laurence, 146–47, 262

Proskurov scapegoat for failure of war

Stöbe, Ilse (Alta), 14–15, 64–65, 76, 157

scheme, 54; arranges ‘‘lessons learned’’

Student, Kurt, 175

conference, confronted by Proskurov,

Sudoplatov, Pavel A., 33, 92–93, 121, 131

55–60; terms reports of German invasion

Susloparov, Ivan A., 68–69

plans ‘‘English provocations,’’ 81; contra-

Suvenirov, Oleg F., 226–27, 251

dictory statements of about Sorge, 84,

Suvorov, Victor, 180, 258n.28,

87–88; moves troops from Far East to

Sveshnikov, Boris, 9

Moscow on basis of Sorge reporting, 89–

90; unimpressed by totality of NKGB

Taiursky, A. I., 222

counterintelligence reporting from tech-

Tanner, Vaino, 47–49

nical and human sources on German

Taubin, Yakov G., 260

intentions to invade, 110–16; disregards

Teffi, 261

INDEX

309

Timoshenko, Semen K.: and occupation of

missar, gives award to Proskurov, 9;

western Ukraine, 30; and Khrushchev,

chairs Main Military Council, 12;

31; and reliability of Baltic armies, 39;

receives from RU unofficial proposal for

plan of for integrating Baltic states

German-Soviet agreement, 19–20; for-

armies into Red Army, 40; and fortified

bids fraternization between Red Army

area problems, 45; appointed Defense

troops and Baltic populations, 38; in

Commissar, 61; states he wasn’t shown

February
1939
alerts Meretskov to pos-

all available intelligence, 179; apparently

sibility Leningrad area will become the-

unaware of Hitler-Stalin correspon-

ater of military operations, 50; as joint

dence, 189; reprimanded, 195; and pro-

chairman of conference on Winter War,

jected Red Army reforms, 211; refuses to

55

allow district commanders to improve

Vosnesensky, 61

defenses, 211–12

Vrach, 75

Tony (Anthony Blunt), 103

Vyshinsky, 148

Trepper, Leopold, 68–69, 263

Trotsky, Leon, 91

Walther, Gebhardt von, 113, 263

Tsanava, Lavrenti F., 31–32, 131

Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 178, 291n18

Tsilov, Volko Ia., 200

Welles, Sumner, 146, 262

Tukhachevsky, Mikhail N., xvi

Western Special Military District, 153, 164,

Tuominen, Arvo, 51, 53

211

Tupikov, Vasily I., 64–66, 158, 262, 279n.8

Whaley, Barton, 173, 178

Turok, 98

Wilson, Harold, 23

Typhoon, 233–35

Woods, Sam E., 146

Tyulenev, 213

Yakovlev, Aleksandr N., 67, 81

Ukraine: as Proskurov birthplace, 8;

Yartsev, Boris N.
See
Rybkin, Boris

German-supported uprising in as pretext

Yastreb, 112

for Polish war, 17; occupation of West-

Yepishev, Aleksei A., 243

ern Ukraine, 29–32; and problem of

Yeremenko, Andrei I., 222

nationalism, 32–35, 125; railroads in,

Yeremin, Grigory M., 71, 74, 83

117, 119, 123; and German deception,

Yermolov, M. D., 66

176–77

Yrjo-Koskinen, A. S., 49

Ukrainets, 34

Yun, 102, 262

Ukrainian SSR.
See
Ukraine

Yusupov, Pavel P., 199

ULTRA, 67, 148, 160, 174–75, 261

Umansky, Konstantin A., 146, 262

Zagorsky, 118

Uritsky, Semen P., 9, 13, 199

Zaimov, Vladimir, 81

Zaitsev, Nikolai M., 64

Vadim, 104

Zaitsev, Viktor S., 84

Vagner, 79

Zakharov, G. N., 205

Vaksberg, 237–38, 298n13

Zakharov, Matvei V., 171, 176

Valin, 22

Zaporozhets, Aleksandr I., 213

Vannikov, Boris L., 201, 228

Zarubin, Vasily M., 208

Vasilchenko, Nikolai N., 199

Zasosov, Ivan I., 260

Vasilev, Andrei A., 77

Zhdanov, Andrei A., 27, 50, 61, 76

Vatutin, 159

Zhukov, Georgy: receives reports from RU

VENONA, 68, 147, 175, 242

resident in Berlin, Tupikov, 66; receives

Verny, 114

reports from RU residencies in Eastern

Versailles Treaty, 2

Europe, 72, 76, 80; defeats Japanese at

Vlodzimirsky, Lev Ye., 226, 228, 230–31

Khalkin Gol, 85; reprimands commander

Vodopianov, Mikhail V., 12, 244

of Kiev Special Military District for

Voionmaa, Vaino, 49

ordering occupation of forward posi-

Völkisch, Kurt (AVS), 15, 71–77

tions, 135–36, 211–12; threatened with

Völkisch, Margarita (LTsL), 15, 71–77

repression by Golikov, 1938, 142;

Völkischer Beobachter,
174

receives April
4, 1941,
report on con-

Volkogonov, Dimitry A., 227

tinued German troop movements, 159;

Volodin, Pavel S., 190–91, 259

and May
15, 1941,
‘‘considerations’’ for

Voloshin, A., 17

preemptive attack, 160, 211; emphasizes

Volosiuk, Makar M., 68

aviation’s role in war, 163; as addressee

Voronov, Nikolai N., 58, 200

on only one of thirteen border troop

Vorshilov, Kliment Ye.: as Defense Com-

reports, 179; approves of Smushkevich

310

INDEX

Zhukov (
continued
)

performance at Khalkin Gol, 201; orders

commander of the Baltic Military Dis-

trict to rescind orders on air defense

readiness, 212; entrusted with overall

leadership of the Western and South-

western Fronts, 213; signs alert order

evening June
21, 1941,
214; awakens Sta-

lin when Germans attack, 217; sent to

Kiev at Khrushchev request, June
22,

1941,
220; ordered to Western Front,

June
26, 1941,
replaces Konev as com-

mander Western Front, October
10,

1941,
235; recalled from Berlin under

attacks, 242–43

Zhuravliev, Boris N., 208

Zhuravliev, Pavel M., 94–95, 207

Zhurin, 82

Zimenskov, 229

Zozulov, A. A., 228

Zubinin, 208

• Contents
  
• Acknowledgments
  
• Sources
  
• Introduction: Stalin’s Absolute Control, Misconceptions, and Disastrous Decisions
  
• Abbreviations and Acronyms
  
• CHAPTER 1 Stalin versus Hitler: Background
  
• CHAPTER 2 The Outspoken General: Ivan Iosifovich Proskurov
  
• CHAPTER 3 Proskurov Sets Stalin Straight
  
• CHAPTER 4 Soviet Borders Move Westward
  
• CHAPTER 5 The Finns Fight: Proskurov Made a Scapegoat
  
• CHAPTER 6 Soviet Military Intelligence Residencies in Western Europe
  
• CHAPTER 7 Soviet Military Intelligence Residencies in Eastern Europe
  
• CHAPTER 8 Who Were You, Dr. Sorge? Stalin Never Heard of You.
  
• CHAPTER 9 NKVD Foreign Intelligence
  
• CHAPTER 10 Fitin’s Recruited Spies
  
• CHAPTER 11 Listening to the Enemy
  
• CHAPTER 12 Working on the Railroad
  
• CHAPTER 13 The Border Troops Knew
  
• CHAPTER 14 Proskurov Is Fired
  
• CHAPTER 15 Golikov and Operation Sea Lion
  
• CHAPTER 16 ‘‘We Do Not Fire on German Aircraft in Peacetime’’
  
• CHAPTER 17 German Deception: Why Did Stalin Believe It?
  
• CHAPTER 18 Secret Letters
  
• CHAPTER 19 The Purges Revived
  
• CHAPTER 20 On the Eve
  
• CHAPTER 21 A Summer of Torture
  
• CHAPTER 22 The Final Reckoning
  
• Conclusion: Will the Future Be a Repeat of the Past?
  
• Appendix 1: Organization and Functions of Soviet Military Intelligence
  
• Appendix 2: Hitler’s Letters to Stalin
  
• Appendix 3: Those Executed without Trial on October 28, 1941
  
• Appendix 4: Chronology of Agent Reporting
  
• Glossary of Spies and Their Masters
  
• Notes
  
• Index